Consumption Of Petroleum Products Research Articles

Exploring the Relationship Between CO2 Emissions and Fuel Consumption in Road Transport: Empirical Evidence from Chad

Over the period 2008-2019, this study examines the linear impact of petroleum product (PP) consumption in Chad, PP prices, the vehicle fleet and urbanisation on CO2 emissions  on the one hand, and on the other, it determines the causal links that exist between the various variables studied. This study opts for the augmented Dickey-Fuller and Phillips-Perron tests to verify the stationarity of the variables. The ARDL model is then estimated and diagnostic tests are performed to confirm the validity of the model. To confirm the existence of long-term relationships, the bounds test was applied. Finally, the Toda-Yamamoto causality test was used to capture the influences present between the series under study. The main results show that, in the long term, a 1% increase in gasoline consumption would lead to a 1.03% increase in CO2 emissions and the linear impact of diesel consumption is positive and insignificant on CO2 emissions. In the short term, gasoline and diesel consumption have a positive and insignificant impact on CO2 emissions. In terms of causality, there is a unidirectional causality from gasoline consumption to CO2 emissions  and a bidirectional causality between CO2 emissions and diesel consumption. This study is the first to simultaneously link CO2 emissions, PP consumption, PP prices, the vehicle fleet and urbanisation in general, and particularly in the case of Chad. It therefore adds to the literature on the simultaneous relationship between CO2 emissions, PP consumption, the car fleet and urbanisation in a global and restricted context.  This study could guide Chadian oil pollution management decision-makers in adopting policies related to the effects of PP consumption in the road transport sector.

Study of Oil and Gas Prospecting Techniques: A Review

Consumption of petroleum products continues to grow steadily. In 2020, oil consumption numbers surpassed exploration's, indicating a possible market imbalance. That said, the demand for new oil reserves becomes essential. Prospecting techniques for these commodities are used to have greater accuracy before drilling a well. Different Geological, Geophysical, and Geochemical methods are applied with different principles in their search, with Seismic being the most widely used technique. Sniffers have gained ground among geochemical methods, and new technologies are emerging. Despite many methods, none is conclusive and should be used in conjunction with others, whether in the prospecting area or for leak monitoring.

Catalytic pyrolysis of biomass to produce bio‐oil using layered double hydroxides (LDH)‐derived materials

AbstractOwing to the enormous consumption of petroleum products and their environmental polluting nature, attention has been given to seeking alternative resources for the development of sustainable products. Biomass is a renewable source that can be converted to a variety of fuels and chemicals by different approaches, which are the best replacements for traditional petroleum‐derived products. Pyrolysis is a process in which chemical bonds of biomass macromolecules such as cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin, are fractured into small molecular intermediates under high pressure, and results bio‐oil, biochar, and fuel gases as desired products. Of these pyrolysis products, bio‐oil is the primary product that usually contains large amounts of oxygen and nitrogen compounds that hinder its application potential. Catalytic pyrolysis is a beneficial method that is reported to alter the constituents and quality of bio‐oil and to upgrade them for diverse applications. Catalytic hydropyrolysis and copyrolysis of biomass are an alternative approaches to overcome the drawbacks raised toward product formation in the pyrolysis process. Layered double hydroxides (LDH) and their derived forms are well‐known catalytic/catalytic support materials for various chemical reactions due to their superior properties, such as easy preparation, thermal stability, and tuneable acid/base properties. This review summarizes the progress in the utilization of as‐synthesized LDH and their modified forms such as mixed metal oxides and functionalized/composite materials as active catalysts for the pyrolysis of various biomass sources.

Forecasting Petroleum Products Consumption in the Chadian Road Transport Sector using Optimised Grey Models

This study aims to estimate the demand for petroleum products (PP) in the Chadian road sector by 2030 and to determine which of the two models used is the most efficient. The methodology is based on two optimised Grey models, namely: the Sequential-GM(1,N)-GA and NeuralODE-GM(1,1) models.  These models reduce forecasting errors compared with the conventional Grey model. The forecasts confirm that both models are robust, with MAPEs of 1.16% and 2.5% respectively for gasoline and diesel obtained with the Sequential-GM(1,N)-GA, and 3.3% and 4.8% respectively for gasoline and diesel obtained with the NeuralODE-GM(1,1). We note that the Sequential-GM(1,N)-GA is more robust than NeuralODE-GM(1,1) with regard to MAPEs. The estimated consumption needs for gasoline and diesel in the road transport sector by 2030 are 294376818.5 and 381570061.5 litres respectively for the Sequential-GM(1,N)-GA and 264376818.5 and 375570061.5 litres for the NeuralODE-GM(1,1). Based on these results, securing the supply of PP in the road transport sector requires the development of the downstream petroleum sector. The development of alternative energies and the acquisition of hybrid vehicles. A policy encouraging mass transport in urban areas can considerably reduce energy consumption in this sector. This study adds to the literature through the simultaneous use of two new optimised grey models and their comparison in terms of predicting demand for PP in the Chadian road transport sector.

Comparative Investigation of Performance Analysis & Carbon Emission of Biodiesel and Conventional Fuel

In recent years, the world's largest democracies have recognized the threat posed by vehicle pollutants to our ecosystem, particularly the emission of hazardous gases. As a result, they have taken steps to tighten emission standards for motor vehicles in order to reduce toxicity. Additionally, the rapid urbanization taking place worldwide has led to increased consumption of petroleum products, such as diesel and petrol, which are derived from crude oil. Unfortunately, the reserves of crude oil are limited, and the availability of natural gas stocks is also restricted. Therefore, it is crucial to explore alternative sources of energy. This study focuses on examining the effects of using biodiesel as an additive in diesel engines (D.E) to observe its impact on various performance parameters such as noise emissions, break thermal efficiency, fuel consumption, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide. By comparing the effects of biodiesel blended fuels with conventional diesel fuel, we can analyze the behavior of diesel engines. The result shows the study indicate that the use of biodiesel as an additive reduces noise emission levels compared to diesel fuel. Additionally, the analysis of carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide emissions shows that biodiesel blended fuel results in lower carbon emissions when compared to traditional diesel fuel. These findings highlight the potential of biodiesel as a more environmentally friendly alternative in the context of diesel engines.

한국의 에너지 소비와 경제성장의 탈동조화에 대한 분석

Purpose - This study analyzed the decoupling phenomenon between energy consumption and economic growth in Korea from 1990 to 2021. The main purpose of this study is to suggest policy implications for achieving a low-carbon society and decoupling that Korea must move forward in the face of the climate change crisis.
 Design/methodology/approach - This study investigated the relationship between energy consumption and economic growth by energy source and sector using the energy-EKC (EEKC) hypothesis which included the energy consumption on the traditional Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC), and the impulse response function (IRF) model based on Bayesian vector auto-regression (BVAR).
 Findings - During the analysis period, the trend of decoupling of energy consumption and economic growth in Korea is confirmed starting from 1996. However, the decoupling tendency appeared differently depending on the differences in energy consumption by sources and fields. The results of the IRF model using data on energy consumption by source showed that the impact of GDP and renewable energy consumption resulted in an increase in energy consumption of bio and waste, but a decrease in energy consumption by sources, and the impact of trade dependence was found to increase the consumption of petroleum products.
 Research implications or Originality - According to the main results, efficient distribution by existing energy source is required through expansion of development of not only renewable energy but also alternative energy. Additionally, in order to increase the effectiveness of existing energy policies to achieve carbon neutrality, more detailed strategies by source and sector of energy consumption are needed.

Testing the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis in the transport sector for OECD countries: a dynamic panel threshold approach.

This study tests the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis in the transport sector for 28 OECD countries from 1990 to 2019. As a novelty, the relationship between gross domestic product (GDP) and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from the transport sector is investigated with the estimation of the dynamic panel threshold regression based on the generalized method of moments (GMM) estimator by Seo and Shin (Seo and Shin, J Econom 2:169-186, 2016). This approach enables us to test EKC and capture possible nonlinearities between variables. Along with the analysis of the EKC hypothesis, our study also investigates the effects of road petroleum products consumption, renewable energy consumption, and trade openness on transport CO2 emissions. The threshold regression results, where GDP per capita is employed as the transition variable, support the nonlinear relationship between CO2 emissions from the transportation sector and GDP by rejecting the null hypothesis of no threshold effect. This finding indicates the existence of two different regimes, i.e., the lower and upper regimes, based on the optimum value of the GDP per capita. Economic growth damages the environment in the lower regime, whereas it improves environmental quality in the upper regime. Therefore, the results indicate the presence of an inverted U-shaped relationship and support the EKC hypothesis in the OECD transportation sector. As a result, it is concluded that achieving sustainable economic growth is critical for investing in environmentally friendly technologies required to achieve the goal of reducing transportation-related CO2.

ANALYSIS OF THE FEASIBILITY OF REFURBISHING USED OILS FOR SUBSEQUENT APPLICATION IN MILITARY VEHICLES DURING COMBAT OPERATIONS

The increased consumption and production of petroleum products have led to a rise in the volumes of used motor oils, which has become an urgent issue in terms of ecology and economic feasibility. The production and use of motor oils involve complex processes associated with significant energy and financial expenses. Therefore, there is a growing interest in finding effective solutions for the rejuvenation and processing of used motor oils for further utilization. This would reduce the negative environmental impact and preserve natural resources. The purpose of this scientific article is to conduct an analysis of the feasibility of motor oil recovery and evaluate the economic viability of their subsequent use in petroleum refining processes. Through a systematic study of this issue, we aim to identify optimal approaches to the recovery and rational use of used motor oils, contributing to the creation of a more sustainable and environmentally friendly energy system. To achieve this goal, we will examine existing motor oil recovery technologies, their effectiveness, advantages, and disadvantages. We will also analyze the impact of recovery on the quality of petroleum products and overall economic development. The findings outlined in the article can serve as a basis for the development of strategies and policies in the field of petroleum production aimed at ensuring sustainable development and resource optimization. Keywords: recovery of motor oils, regeneration and recycling technologies, efficiency of oil recovery, impact on the quality of petroleum products, economic analysis of processing, sustainable approaches to processing, prospects for sustainable development methods, cost of recovery and production, ecological sustainability of technologies, indicators of utilization efficiency.

State and prospects of fuel supply for agriculture in Ukraine

In the context of martial law in Ukraine, when the oil refining industry has stopped and most of the logistics chains have been destroyed, the issue of ensuring the availability of fuel and energy resources for agricultural production – the guarantor of food supply in Ukraine and the world – is of particular relevance. The purpose of the article was to study the consumption of petroleum products in the agricultural sector of Ukraine under martial law, to investigate the state and state regulation of the market and fuel from petroleum products, and to forecast their price in the future. The following methods were used in the article: dialectical, abstract and logical, statistical, correlation and regression, tabular and graphical, analysis of series of dynamics and structural changes, comparison, strategic planning and forecasting. Based on the results of the research carried out using statistical methods, the article analyses the consumption of petrol and diesel fuel by agricultural enterprises and calculates their cost per hectare of harvested area. It was found that the decrease in fuel consumption in 2022 was due to the fact that ¼ of the sown areas were not sown due to the war. The share of fuel used for the needs of the agricultural sector was also investigated. The correlation and regression analysis revealed a close relationship between the exchange rate and the price of diesel fuel in Ukraine, and a negative relationship between the world oil price and the price of diesel fuel. Due to the established dependence, a model for calculating the price of diesel fuel based on world oil prices and the exchange rate is developed, and the price is calculated. It is substantiated that the main economic method of state regulation of the fuel market is the establishment of an excise tax. It is concluded that the reduction in the consumption of fuel and energy resources in the agricultural sector of Ukraine has led to a decrease in the energy intensity of agricultural products. The results of the research are of practical importance, which will allow identifying destabilizing factors in the oil and oil products market, as well as formulating the State’s policy that will promote the use of energy resources, in particular liquid fuel, in agriculture under martial law

Influence of Electronic Payment on Business Efficiency in Petrol Stations in Nyanza Region, Kenya

The Oil Sector Over the centuries, the oil industry has remained a predominant player in the world’s economy. This sector is known for its great contribution to many nations. The National Oil Board states that consumption of oil and petroleum products is projected to grow from 4.5 million metric tons to 12 million metric tons by 2030, yet currently, petroleum products procured face challenges. Recent findings have shown low efficiency in the procurement process at petrol stations in the Nyanza region. The study specifically looked at the influence of electronic payments on business efficiency in petrol stations in the Nyanza region of Kenya. This study employed a descriptive study design with a target population of 134 and a sample of 100 employees of petrol stations in the Nyanza region of Kenya. The study used closed-ended Likert scale questionnaires for data collection. The data was analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics, where descriptive statistics involved frequencies and percentages. Inferential statistics are based on Pearson correlation and simple linear regression. SPSS software 23 was useful in the analysis. The findings were that electronic payment had a significant influence on business efficiency among petrol stations (t = 10.209, p< 0.05). The study recommends that petrol stations adopt electronic payment practices to minimize queues during physical payment. Furthermore, electronic payment eases audits and minimizes cases of corruption.

Economic and Organizational Mechanism for Stimulating Development of Environmentally Friendly Technologies in Transport

he demand for electric vehicles and plug-in hybrids, supported by green technologies and the IT-sector, is making significant changes in the structural transformation of the economy. The coverage of energy and raw materials markets bythe reduction in the consumption of petroleum products does not allow us to assert confidently that tax losses will be compensated by revenues from the increase in electricity consumption, including from the transport infrastructure. This is partly due to different levels of taxation of electricity and oil products. Removing obstacles hindering the development of electric vehicles through fiscal policy is an important prerogative of the state. On the part of the state, timely measures are needed regarding the revision of taxes and tax rates in support of the development of mechanisms for the introduction of environmentally friendly electric transport, plug-in hybrids, adaptive expansion of infrastructure for vehicle categories M, MG, N, NG, as well as minimizing losses from tax maneuvers of foreign trade relations. Investors are more likely to respond to positive market signals, where in many cases government regulation has a significant impact on the sustainable and economically safe formation of the investment climate. The development of electric transport narrows the fleet of cars on internal combustion engines, or on a fossil energy source. The fall in demand for oil products will hold back the replenishment of the budget revenue savings by reducing tax revenues on fuel. In order to avoid loss of economic benefits with the renewal of the car fleet with electric vehicles, the paper examines the mechanism for adapting the motor vehicle service to modern challenges of the global economy.

CO2 emissions integrated fuzzy model: A case of seven emerging economies

This paper proposes a new model to study carbon emission issues in seven emerging (E7) economies (China, Mexico, Turkey, Russia, Brazil, Indonesia and India). It employs weighted Quantum Spherical fuzzy DEMATEL model with golden cut using 18 years data, which was ranked for carbon emission evaluation via Quantum Spherical fuzzy TOPSIS method. The data includes macroeconomic variables for the period from 2003 to 2020. Paper observes that (i) CO2 emissions from fossil fuels is the most significant factor distressing the carbon emission problem of E7 economies. It suggests that these countries need to explore alternatives to fossil fuels to handle the carbon emission problem. (ii) The CO2 emission problem in energy production can be minimized by renewable energy and nuclear energy, suggesting some financial incentives to the investors in energy explorations areas. (iii) It is also observed that due to high volatility of CO2 emissions, a negative market factor exists in consumer sentiment in consumption of oil and petroleum products. This can be compensated via energy consumption fiscal policy in taxation and encourage of extractive industries and producers of petroleum products, as well as the uneven spatial development to have a significant impact on the reduction of CO2 emission. The paper gives recommendation that E7 countries need to find alternatives to fossil fuels in order to deal effectively with the carbon emission problem.

Learning latent dynamics with a grey neural ODE prediction model and its application

PurposeIn this study, a new neural differential grey model is proposed for the purpose of accurately excavating the evolution of real systems.Design/methodology/approachFor this, the proposed model introduces a new image equation that is solved by the Runge-Kutta fourth order method, which makes it possible to optimize the sequence prediction function. The novel model can then capture the characteristics of the input data and completely excavate the system's evolution law through a learning procedure.FindingsThe new model has a broader applicability range as a result of this technique, as opposed to grey models, which have fixed structures and are sometimes over specified by too strong assumptions. For experimental purposes, the neural differential grey model is implemented on two real samples, namely: production of crude and consumption of Cameroonian petroleum products. For validation of the new model, results are compared with those obtained by competing models. It appears that the precisions of the new neural differential grey model for prediction of petroleum products consumption and production of Cameroonian crude are respectively 16 and 25% higher than competing models, both for simulation and validation samples.Originality/valueThis article also takes an in-depth look at the mechanics of the new model, thereby shedding light on the intrinsic differences between the new model and grey competing models.

A METHODICAL APPROACH TO FORECASTING THE CONSUMPTION OF PETROLEUM PRODUCTS BY THEIR MAIN TYPES

The article presents the development of a mathematical model for forecasting the demand for petroleum products using a comprehensive method for forecasting the consumption of petroleum products by individual types. The mathematical model allows forecasting the consumption of petroleum products in the country (TOP-level) and types of economic activity (DOWN-level) for transportation and conversion into electrical and thermal energy. The purpose of the research is the development of a methodical approach to forecasting the consumption of petroleum products with the determination of the forecast structure of the consumption of petroleum products by types using a mathematical model of forecasting energy consumption using a comprehensive method. Determining forecast volumes by individual types of oil products gives a greater discrepancy between forecast and actual data than forecasting oil products together. The forecast volume of oil product consumption is calculated to draw up the country's forecast energy balance. The forecast is determined in two stages: 1) forecasting of the total volume of consumption of petroleum products by country and aggregated types of economic activity, 2) forecasting of the structure of consumption of petroleum products by their main types. This approach is due to the fact that the structure of petroleum fuel consumption changes significantly depending on the prices of fuel and vehicles. To forecast the consumption of the main types of petroleum products, an analysis of statistical data for the retrospective period was used and the trends of their consumption were taken into account, as well as the realities of today: the war on the territory of Ukraine, the destruction of the industrial and energy infrastructure, which will require restoration for a long time. The provided forecasts will make it possible to assess the country’s need for certain types of petroleum fuel, to determine the sufficient volumes of own production and the necessary volumes of oil product imports. Bibl. 32, Tab. 3.

Внедрение новых технологий в процесс хранения нефтепродуктов – объективная необходимость экономической эффективности их использования и охраны окружающей среды

In the article theoretical and practical aspects of implementation of new technologies in the field of the energy complex on the example of assessing the effect of reducing fuel vapor emissions on the basis of two specialized oil terminal in the Russian Far East are presented. Nowadays insufficient attention is paid to the problem of resource saving, recycling and use of petroleum products. Meanwhile, according to the scientific publications, the ratio of growth in production and consumption of petroleum products is predicted. In this connection, a significant expansion of the oil storage will be required and, as a result, solving the problems of increasing the economic efficiency and environmental safety of storing oil products in various ways, including the method of recovering. There are a diffusion of petroleum and atmosphere, so as a result we have petroleum losses and the negative impact on the environment. The Khabarovsk territory is a main region of the Russian Far East, where the industrial production of petroleum products is carried out. The main facilities for storage and transshipment of fuel are also located here. So, for our region, the issue of reducing the loss of oil products during transshipment and storage is particularly acute. The problem of reducing the loss of petroleum products during transshipment and storage for our region is particularly acute. The results of the research of modern methods to reduce the loss of petroleum products on the example of the introduction of fuel vapor recovery units in the production process of oil terminal can be applied in development and implementation of plans for the construction of new oil depots and modernization of existing not only in the Khabarovsk city but throughout the Russian Federation.

Альтернативні палива на основі продуктів коксохімії.

ALTERNATIVE FUELS BASED ON COKE CHEMISTRY PRODUCTS © O.L. Borysenko, PhD in Technіcal Sciences, M.I. Blyznyukova (State Enterprise "Ukrainian State Scientific Research Institute of Coal Chemistry (UKHIN), 7 Vesnina str., Kharkiv, 61023, Ukraine), F. Clasin (LLC "A-POWER", st. Nikopolske Shosse, 2, s.m.t. Radushne, Kryvorizky district, Dnipropetrovsk region, 53081, Ukraine.), T.M. Kedun (National Technical University «Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute», 2 Kyrpychova Str., Kharkiv, 61002, Ukraine) The article examines the types of liquid alternative motor and furnace fuels that are manufactured using products and waste from the coke-chemical, chemical, and petrochemical industries. It is shown that the interest in alternative (renewable) types of fuels in world practice is explained, first of all, by the solution of a number of environmental problems, since these types of fuels make it possible to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, the consumption of petroleum products, and the use of combustible fossils. Mixtures containing 5-15 % alcohol and 85-95% gasoline, as well as oxygenated fuels containing various oxygen-containing substances (alcohols, ethers, aldehydes, etc.) have become widespread as alternative automotive fuels. The most common additive is bioethanol, which is obtained from vegetable raw materials by fermentation. Liquid alternative furnace and boiler fuel is used for burning in power plants, boilers, etc. Such fuels can be made from many secondary petroleum products, waste oils, diesel fuel and non-liquid fuel oil, as well as using combustible liquid non-target by-products, non-liquid products and tarry waste from the coke and chemical industry. The article provides a list of boiler and furnace fuels with an indication of the technical conditions currently in force in Ukraine, and raw materials for their preparation. The principle technological diagram of the method of obtaining a mixed alternative boiler fuel developed by SE "UKHIN" is provided. The process includes the following main stages: reception and preparation of raw materials; production of boiler (stove) fuel; quality control; paperwork; packaging and labeling; shipment of the finished product. Key words: motor fuel, furnace fuel, secondary products, waste, mixed fuel, technical conditions, alternative mixed boiler fuel, technological scheme. Corresponding author: Oleksandr Ludvikovich Borysenko, e-mail: zd@ukhin.org.ua

Анализ перспективы производства и потребления нефтепродуктов в Российской Федерации

The paper presents an analysis and evaluation of the production and consumption of major petroleum products in the Russian Federation. It also considers scenarios for changes in the production and consumption of major fuels, taking into account the current ratio of exports and imports of petroleum products and the analysis of car sales for 2020-2022. Examples of modernization and new development of oil refineries and changes in trade and economic cooperation with foreign countries. Presented options for improving the adaptability of enterprises to the challenges of the external market and the possibility of converting middle distillates and fuel oil into automobile gasoline and jet kerosene.

Forecasting methodology with structural auto-adaptive intelligent grey models

Accurate mid- and long-term petroleum products (PP) consumption forecasting is vital for strategic reserve management and energy planning. In order to address the issue of energy forecasting, a novel structural auto-adaptive intelligent grey model (SAIGM) is developed in this paper. To start with, a novel time response function for predictions that corrects the main weaknesses of the traditional grey model is established. Then, the optimal parameter values are calculated using SAIGM to increase adaptability and flexibility to deal with a variety of forecasting dilemmas. The viability and performance of SAIGM are examined with both ideal and real-world data. The former is constructed from algebraic series while the latter is made up Cameroon's PP consumption data. With its ingrained structural flexibility, SAIGM yields forecasts with RMSE of 3.10 and 1.54% MAPE. The proposed model performs better than competing intelligent grey systems that have been developed to date and is thus a valid forecasting tool that can be used to track the growth of Cameroon's PP demand.•The ability of SAIGM enhances the forecasting power of intelligent grey models to fully extracting the laws of a system, no matter the data specifications.•SAIGM is extended to include quasi-exponential series by addressing structural flexibility and parametrization concerns.•Input attributes determination and data preprocessing are not required for the proposed model.

The impact of the green Middle East initiative on sustainable development in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Using econometric analysis, this study intended to determine the influence of the Green Middle East Initiative on sustainable development in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia from 2000 to 2020. This research yielded a number of findings, the most important of which are: The country has tended to reduce carbon emissions by increasing natural gas use and decreasing diesel and crude oil use in electricity generation. The real per capita income increased by 0.8 percent annually due to the unpredictability and instability of the economic growth rate. The Human Development Index has similarly risen, from 0.744 in 2000 to 0.855 in 2020. It was also discovered that a 10% increase in domestic refined petroleum product consumption results in a 7.97% rise in carbon dioxide emissions. And that a 10% rise in predicted carbon dioxide emissions results in 4.71 percent, 0.36 percent, and 0.71 percent decreases in foreign direct investment, real GDP, and the value of the human development index, respectively. And the Green Middle East initiative included planting 10 billion trees irrigated with untapped treated sewage water amounting to 1528.49 million m3, with a value of 2.094 billion riyals. Finally, the gradual transformation of the green economy leads to environmental sustainability and integration between the environment, economic, and social dimensions of sustainable development, and then this study recommends the necessity of following up and evaluating the results of the work of the Green Middle East Initiative so that carbon emissions eliminated in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia until 2060.

Mixed Integer Programming Formulation for Time-Dependent Petrol Station Replenishment Problem: A Real-Life Case in İstanbul

With the increase in the consumption of petroleum and petroleum products, these limited resources must be provided efficiently, accurately, and with minimal damage. Therefore, the accurate and effective distribution of petroleum, and related problems with petroleum distribution have attracted much attention among the practitioners and optimization working researchers over the years. The petroleum distribution problem, as a version of the Vehicle Routing Problem (VRP), deals with the planning of petroleum distribution from the depot(s) to the petrol stations safely and quickly. In this study, the petrol station replenishment problem (PSRP) is handled and a case study is presented for a public company located in İstanbul. The problem is considered as a time-dependent VRP with time windows. A novel mixed integer mathematical model is proposed for the problem. In order to handle the proposed time-dependent problem in a more realistic way, variable tanker speeds are considered based on traffic density. The optimum route is determined in which risks such as environment and marine pollution may occur in case of possible accidents, and these risks are minimized by the proposed mathematical model considering the factors as traffic, vehicle speed, road structure, the road's proximity to the sea and living areas